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Purpose

The investigators have developed supportive text-messages in English and Spanish to help people cope with the stress and anxiety of COVID-19 social distancing. The purpose of this study is to examine if automated text-messages will improve depression and anxiety symptoms and enhance positive mood. Additionally, the investigators will compare the effectiveness of sending messages on a random schedule (using a micro-randomized trial design) or sent by a reinforcement learning policy on overall change in depression and anxiety symptoms and daily mood during the 8-week study.

Conditions

Eligibility

Eligible Ages
Over 18 Years
Eligible Sex
All
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Yes

Inclusion Criteria

  • Over 18 years old - Own a mobile phone - Speak English or Spanish

Exclusion Criteria

  • Not owning a mobile phone - Under 18 years old

Study Design

Phase
N/A
Study Type
Interventional
Allocation
Randomized
Intervention Model
Parallel Assignment
Primary Purpose
Prevention
Masking
Single (Participant)
Masking Description
Participants are randomized to receive messages according to a random schedule (within a mico-randomized trial), delivered via a reinforcement learning policy or a control with mood ratings only.

Arm Groups

ArmDescriptionAssigned Intervention
Active Comparator
Uniform Random 		Participants will receive supportive text-messages for a period of 2 months. These text-messages have two categories: behavioral activation (BA) and coping skills. In this arm, participants will receive one of these types of messages daily on a random schedule in random time periods throughout the day.
  • Behavioral: Uniform random message delivery
    In this arm, the categories and timings of text-messages will be delivered to participants using a random schedule
Experimental
Reinforcement Learning 		In this arm we will test a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm with a learned decision mechanism for the timing and type of text-messages. The algorithm learns from previous data (which messages were sent, what was the participants' mood) to maximize an increase in participants' mood.
  • Behavioral: Reinforcement learning message delivery
    In this arm, the categories and timings of text-messages will be chosen by a reinforcement learning algorithm
Active Comparator
Mood ratings only 		In this arm, participants will monitor their mood and receive random feedback based on mood responses.
  • Behavioral: Mood ratings only
    In this arm, participants will monitor their mood daily and receive feedback on that mood randomly

Recruiting Locations

More Details

NCT ID
NCT04473599
Status
Completed
Sponsor
University of California, Berkeley

Detailed Description

The investigators will send participants supportive text-messages for a period of 2 months. These text-messages will include tips about behavioral activation and coping skills to deal with worries and stress. The investigators generated a message bank balanced such that 50% of all messages are related to behavioral activation (BA) and 50% messages involve different coping skills. Participants will receive one of these messages per day between 9:00 am and 6:00 pm. Participants will also receive a message asking them to rate their mood on a scale of 1-9 once a day 3 hours after the BA or coping message. Participants will be randomized to: 1. a uniform random messaging group (micro-randomized trial design). 2. a reinforcement learning group with a learned decision mechanism for the timing and type of text-message. The algorithm learns from previous data (which messages were sent, what was the participants' mood) to maximize an increase in participants mood. No other data are collected from participants' phones. The investigators will compare the effect of sending text-messages by a random schedule, and text-messaging chosen by the RL algorithm. This allows to both evaluate the effect of the individual intervention components over time within a micro-randomized trial design, and assess the added value of using RL to adapt the messaging scheme. The investigators hypothesize that: - Participant will show improvements in depression, anxiety symptoms and mood during the 60 day study. - The participants in the group receiving reinforcement learning will have a greater improvement in depressive symptoms, anxiety and positive mood during the study than participants in the micro-randomized group. - The investigators will find differential effects on mood ratings for the two categories of messages

Notice

Study information shown on this site is derived from ClinicalTrials.gov (a public registry operated by the National Institutes of Health). The listing of studies provided is not certain to be all studies for which you might be eligible. Furthermore, study eligibility requirements can be difficult to understand and may change over time, so it is wise to speak with your medical care provider and individual research study teams when making decisions related to participation.